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This chapter introduces how Agents interact with the external world. Tool calling capability is the key to connecting Agents with the external environment. By integrating various tools, Agents can execute code, access APIs, manipulate file systems, and more. * * * ## Computer Use Computer Use allows Agents to operate computer interfaces just like humans. This includes graphical interfaces such as browsers and desktop applications. This is an important step towards achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). ### Core Capabilities Screenshot parsing: Understand the content on the screen and identify interactive elements. GUI element recognition: Identify interface elements such as buttons, input boxes, and menus. Mouse/Keyboard control: Simulate human operations, executing actions like clicking and typing. Browser automation: Web navigation, form filling, searching, etc. ### Working Principle The workflow of Computer Use can be summarized as: Observe, Understand, Decide, Execute. Step 1, Screenshot. Capture the content of the current screen or window. Step 2, Visual Analysis. Use a visual model to analyze the screenshot, identifying interface elements and states. Step 3, Decision. Based on the task objective, decide the next operation. Step 4, Execution. Execute actions such as mouse clicks and keyboard inputs. Loop through execution until the task is completed. ### Code Implementation ## Computer Use Agent Basic Implementation class ComputerUseAgent: """ Computer Use Agent Implementation Capable of operating computer interfaces like humans """ def __init__ (self, vision_model, action_executor, planner): # Vision model: analyze screenshots self.vision_model= vision_model # Action executor: execute mouse and keyboard operations self.action_executor= action_executor # Planner: decide next action self.planner= planner # Maximum execution steps self.max_steps=100 def observe(self, screenshot): """ Parse screenshot, identify interactive elements :param screenshot: Screenshot image :return: List of interface elements """ # Use vision model to analyze screenshot analysis =self.vision_model.analyze(screenshot) # Return identified interface elements # Each element contains: type, position, content, interactivity return analysis.elements def act(self, action): """ Execute action :param action: Action description, e.g. {"type": "click", "x": 100, "y": 200} """ return self.action_executor.execute(action) def run(self, task): """ Run task loop :param task: Task description :return: Task result """ # Initialize task state self.planner.set_task(task) for step in range(self.max_steps): # Step 1: Capture current screen screenshot =self.get_screen() # Step 2: Observe - identify interface elements elements =self.observe(screenshot) # Step 3: Decide - determine next action action =self.planner.decide_action(elements) # Check if task is complete if action.is_final: return action.result # Step 4: Execute action self.act(action) # Optional: wait for interface update self.wait_for_update() return"Maximum step limit reached" class VisionModel: """Vision Model: Analyze screenshots""" def analyze(self, screenshot): """ Analyze screenshot Return list of interface elements """ # Use multimodal model for analysis prompt =""" Analyze this screenshot and identify all interactive interface elements. Including: buttons, input boxes, links, menus, etc. For each element, please provide: 1. Type (button, input, link, etc.) 2. Position (bounding box coordinates) 3. Content (button text, input placeholder, etc.) 4. Interactivity (visible, enabled) """ result =self.vision_model.analyze_image(screenshot, prompt) return ScreenAnalysisResult(elements=resu